שוב פעם אחת, the Gemara says, there was another time, נמצאת הלטאה בבית המטבחיים, they found in the בית המטבחיים, is like one of the the areas in the Beis Hamikdash, they found a הלטאה. הלטאה is one of the שמונה שרצים. The kitchen, no? Yeah. המטבחיים is where they, huh? Lizard? I don't know what the English name for it is. It's one of the eight eight reptiles that when it's dead, it makes it tamei. Lizard. Okay. So they found it in the בית המטבחיים. בית המטבחיים is a place where they cooked the food. Now, ובקשו לטמא כל הסעודה כולה. Now since it was there, so they wanted to make the whole סעודה, everything that was prepared to eat, tamei. באו ושאלו את המלך, so they came and asked the king. אמר להם, so what did he say? What would you answer? Ask my wife. אמר, he said, \"לכו ושאלו את המלכה. Go ask the queen.\" She's in the kitchen, right? Yeah, punkt. The queen was in the kitchen cooking. He said, \"לכו ושאלו את המלכה, go ask the queen.\" שאלו, באו ושאלו את המלכה, they asked the queen. אמרה להם, so she said, \"לכו ושאלו את רבן גמליאל. Go ask Rabban Gamliel what the הלכה is.\" באו ושאלו את רבן גמליאל, came to ask Rabban Gamliel. אמר להם, רבן גמליאל said like this. Bureaucracy, שפירא. Reminds me of a story, but you heard the story once before, I'll repeat it again. No, I'll hear it again. So they asked Rabban Gamliel. אמר להם, he said like this. He asked them, \"בית המטבחיים, רותח או צונן?\" In the בית המטבחיים, with this area, is hot or cold? אמרו לו it's רותח. It's hot. Hot kitchen. Right. אמר להם, so he said, \"You know what? I have an etzah.\" What he wanted to prove is that to check to see maybe this הלטאה was not really dead yet. It looked dead, but maybe it wasn't. So he said, \"לכו והטילו עליה כוס של צונן. Go pour a cup of cold water on it.\" הלכו, they went, והטילו עליה כוס של צונן, they threw a cup of cold water, וריחשה, and it started shaking, וטיהר רבן גמליאל כל הסעודה כולה, that Rabban Gamliel made the whole סעודה טהור. He said that wasn't dead, and they actually took it out right away while it was still alive, so this, so נמצא it comes out, מלך תלוי במלכה, the king depends on the queen, המלכה תלויה ברבן גמליאל, and the queen depends on רבן גמליאל, נמצא it comes out, כל הסעודה כולה תלויה ברבן גמליאל. So everything depends on Rabban Gamliel, so it was up to him. So it shows how smart he was, because this is not halachah. Everyone knows the halachah that if it's dead, it's tamei, if it's alive, it's tahor, but to come to figure out maybe it's not dead, that was pour water how to figure it out. Still disgusting to eat it. Lizard was in your food? No, the lizard, probably it touched it. Running around and then it touched it, or something touched it when it was dead. Just remind me, this this shows that you've got to have a rav who's smart, because besides knowing the halachah, he has to know to figure out things. So the story with this rav by the chatanah, I once told the story. It was once a chatanah and they prepared all the food, and it's not like now you call the caterer and this, they have to cook and probably cooked for days and they had it all ready, and then, all of a sudden, some milk spilled on all the meat. They started looking into it and this, and they asked the rav, and the rav came and they figured out how much proportions it was and there was no shishim. There was no 60 times of the meat against the milk. And what are they going to do? There's no food for the chatanah, and this is the same day of the chatanah. So the rav

says, \"I have to look into it. I'm going to have to find a heter, I mean you have to work to cure it.\" So he went and locked himself in his office for an hour, and he came out and he said, \"I found a heter, it's kasher.\" Wouldn't say why. The rav found a heter, kasher is kasher, so they ate the seudah, everything. Years, years later, he told what he did, how did he figure it out. As he went into his room and locked himself up, he called the shamash, and he said, \"Go bring me the milchiker, the guy who sells the milk.\" And the guy came and he says, \"Rav Yankel\", or whatever his name is, \"tell me, how much water do you mix into the milk?\" Says, \"Rabbi, chas veshalom, I don't! I...\" He says, \"I'm telling you, I'll never tell anybody, I swear to you, I'm not going to tell, no one's going to know, as long as you're alive, I'm not going to say. Tell me the truth, how much water do you mix in?\" And after he told him how much water he mixes in, then there was shishim. They diluted the milk, so now there was shishim. But he didn't say it over as long, but then when that milchiker guy died, then he explained it. Then he told the story. This shows a rav has to be besides knowing the halachah, he has to have ways of figuring out how to come to a conclusion of a halachah. And remember not to embarrass somebody. Yeah, to embarrass the guy like that, yeah, no one should know and That's a big problem, no food to eat. Yeah, that's thousands of why so big problem. Now the

next piece of Gemara is not, I don't know, I don't know myself, I know, I mean it's we'll see if you hear this: מעלות השחר עד הנץ החמה חמישה מילין. This Gemara says something strange. From alot hashachar till נץ החמה, מעלות השחר What what's dawn in goyish I don't know, what does dawn mean? Does anything happening by dawn? Sunrise, the sun rises. What is dawn? Starts getting light out. It starts getting light, but you don't see the sun. No, the sun light doesn't get light. Like dawn does? Yes, yes. Sure. Yeah. You have the dawn. Yeah. You see the starts getting light, that's the dawn. Alot hashachar, but No, no, but they how how much before the sunrise is called dawn? So, we have different opinions, no? No, no, I'm talking in in gashmiyut. What do the goyim say? Depending on the camera, they on/off. They also, yeah? Even in the halachah. Oh, that's true. Before sunrise, 10, 15 minutes, you see it's starting to get light. Same thing afterwards, twilight. That's shaot, I understand. I'm saying, but oh, so it's not like by us. It's not like in halacha that it's 72 minutes, 90 minutes or or or 2 hours. Depends. Sometimes the dawn is very short like 15 minutes. I know, but what do they call dawn? If by us dawn, uh עלות השחר has some meaning in halacha. There's a certain stage of light, of day, that starts then. Be'emes the day starts from עלות השחר. I don't think it's a scientific So, I'm asking is there anything scientific is there anything in gashmiyus that's happening that they say? Okay, that's Astronomical time is the term, I don't know. I'm sure there is, if the Gemara says it, in halacha it's there. Is dawn connected to roosters? What is said to be When do they when do they make their noises? Dawn. Roosters, how can I know roosters? You know everything. You've been on a farm. You've been on a farm. The big bird is out. הנותן לשכוי בינה, yeah, להבחין בין יום ובין לילה. When the sun starts coming, yeah. Oh, when the sun, so that's not dawn, that's When it starts getting light out. Okay, that's the goyish I want to know if the goyishe dawn is he's not really I'm not old enough to remember this, our roosters are all gone. All gone. I'll tell you what, I will look it up in science, but it's probably a scientific, you know, calculation. So, but that's 15 minutes, you could see. Every everyday now, נץ החמה now is 5 to 7. Almost, yeah. And when we come to shul it's already beginning to be light. I come to shul like a quarter to, 10 to and it's and it's already light, not mamash full light, but Anyway, here we're saying עלות השחר. עלות השחר is a halachadik term which is assumed, accepted, we do that 72 minutes, but this is going to be a different cheshbon, 72 minutes before נץ החמה, before sunrise. And there's another opinion, it's 90 minutes. There's another opinion that it's 120 minutes. I know people that by a תענית they go according to the opinion of 72 minutes. Shavuos night, when they go to sleep, they go according to the opinion that's 120 minutes. That's familiar. So, here it says different. Here it says from עלות השחר till נץ החמה is חמישה מילין, it's as long as it takes you to walk five מיל. 5 miles? No, a מיל is like three quarters of a mile. A מיל is like a kilometer, בערך a kilometer. So, it's 5 kilometers, five מילין. מנלן, where do we know it from? By Lot. By Lot, it says by Lot when he left Sedom, it says כמו השחר עלה, when the שחר came, so that's עלות השחר. ויאיצו, the malachim pushed him and schlepped him, and it says it says השמש יצא על הארץ, when the sun came out, so Lot Lot came to Tzoar. So, it comes out that it took him from Sedom to Tzoar, it took him from עלות השחר to נץ החמה. Now, let's see how big is that area. אמר רב חנינא, רב חנינא said, לדידי חזי לי ההוא אתרא, I saw that place, והוה ה מילין. That area from סדום to there is 5 mil. That shows that from alos hashachar to netz hachama is 5 mil. Oh, he saw it, he measured it actually, or Yeah, yeah, he was there, he was there. from the pasuk he figured it and No, no, he said he knew the place, he traveled, and he figured out it's 5 mil. Zogt die Gemara weiter, אמר רבא, רבא said, שיתא אלפי פרסי הוה עלמא. To walk 5 mil Yeah. Average. Everything is everything is And the way we pask it's not 5 mil. 4 mil, it's it's it's To walk 3 miles, normally would not take 72 minutes. Certainly doesn't take 90 minutes, and more certainly doesn't take 120 minutes. When, on Shabbos? He walked slow. It doesn't change on Shabbos. Don't worry about that. Nope. He walks falsely. Not everybody walks And you've got to look maybe there was hill, now? And it's not a straight line, you know, so. How could you use that as a as a as a cheshbon? In

Shulchan Aruch, there's all kinds of de'ot how much is a mil. There's one de'ah, a mil, 18 minutes, 20 minutes, 22 minutes, up to 24 minutes a mil. The 24 mil 24 minutes to walk a kilometer. I could see that. No, we know, I know you could walk 17 minutes a mile. How many, 17? Cuz you walk it uh 17, 18 minutes a mile. You walk it every Shabbos, yeah? No, I walk I walk a mile and a half, it takes me 30 minutes, 30, 33, 35 minutes. A mile and a half exactly. It's a mile 1.5. No, but I'm saying if you if you average out to a lot of people walking way slower than you. No, I walk I walk normally, walk faster get older. Anyway, but I don't I don't walk I don't walk fast. Anyway, we don't care what the gashmiyut is, we know what the halacha is, and the halacha says this is it, and that's what it is. Okay, so Rava said שית אלפי פרסי הוה עלמא. The world, the earth, from one end to the other, like I said, I don't know, now that we know the world is round, I don't know, from one end of the world to the other, it's 6,000 פרסה. Now a פרסה is 4 mil. So if it's 6,000 פרסה times 4, 24,000 km. Okay, whatever, that's what it says. סומכיה דרקיע, and again I don't know what that means. I know what it means, it's tight physically, the thickness of the רקיע, the heaven, is אלפא פרסי, is a thousand, a thousand פרסה, a thousand פרסה. Where do we know this from? חדא גמרא וחדא סברא. One of the two things is we takeh have no re'ayah for it, we have it in tradition. הלכה למשה מסיני, whatever. The first one. Oh, the first one, the fact that the world is 6,000 פרסה that we know, not that we measured it, that's what we were handed down, that's what we were told. Now, the second thing, based on this, we have a sevara to show that the thickness of the רקיע is a thousand פרסה. How do we know this? So the Gemara explains, סבר לה, he holds, Rava holds, or Rava making this cheshbon holds like this, כי הא דאמר רבה בר בר חנה אמר רבי יוחנן, like Rabba bar bar Chana says in the name of רבי יוחנן, כמה מהלך אדם בינוני ביום? How much could an average person walk a day? עשר פרסאות. That means from עלות השחר עד צאת הכוכבים, from עלות השחר עד צאת הכוכבים you walk 10 פרסאות. 10 פרסאות means 40 mil. Fine. So you walk 40 mil a day. ה' מילין משקיעת החמה ועד צאת הכוכבים, 5 mil we said is from שקיעה to צאת הכוכבים, and חמישה מילין, no, מעלות השחר עד הנץ החמה ה' מילין, משקיעת החמה ועד צאת הכוכבים חמישה מילין. You have 5 in the morning and 5 at night. So between נץ החמה and שקיעת החמה you have 30 mil, and that's 30 mil. Now if 30 mil, yeah, sunrise to sunset is 30 mil. Yeah. So if if 30 mil is 60 is 6,000 פרסה, cause say the sun goes from one end to the other, and it takes 30 mil for the sun to go, in other words you walk for a day that means 30 mil, so נמצא it comes out, and this is and they and going through the רקיע, from שקיעה it comes like this: from שקיעה to צאת הכוכבים, that's when it goes into the through to the רקיע, that's the thickness of the רקיע, or from עלות השחר till till נץ החמה, that's the thickness. Now it's 5 mil, but we don't know how thick is 5 mil. But now that we know that 30 mil is 6,000, how much is 5? 5 mil? 1,000. 1,000. So he says, nimtza it comes out, עוביו של רקיע אחד משישה ביום. It's one-sixth of the day, one-sixth of the day. If that's 30, that's 5. Okay. Meitivei, we have a kashya on this thing. It says in a ברייתא, רבי יהודה אומר, רבי יהודה says, עוביו של רקיע אחד מעשרה ביום. The braisa says different, that the thickness of the רקיע is one-tenth of the day. כיצד, and brings a re'aya. כמה מהלך אדם בינוני ביום? How much does a person walk in a day? עשר פרסאות, 10 פרסאות, 40 mil. מעלות השחר עד הנץ החמה ארבעת מילין, here he says from עלות השחר עד הנץ החמה is 4 mil. משקיעת החמה ועד צאת הכוכבים ארבעת מילין, from sheki'ah to tzeit is 4 mil. So it comes out that how much is it during the day? You take off 8 from 40? 32. So nimtza, so 32, nimtza it comes out, עוביו של רקיע אחד מעשרה ביום. So one of 10 of the day, because this is 4, and the thickness of the רקיע is 4 mil, and 4 מיל לגבי it takes time how big it is and how long it takes. Oh, okay. It takes 4 mil we just said. Right. 4 mil versus 32. How much is that of 32? 1/9th? 1/8. Well, here it says it comes out one, about one, one of 10. It's מלבר מלבר. Yeah, it'll be 40. One of 10 means if you add it, if you're going to add this to it, then it'll be It's a tenth if you add both of them. Okay, if you add both. Okay, so if you add only one, so it's better. If you add one, so it's 36. One out of nine. One out of nine! Okay, that's what, so close enough. Close enough, yeah. So, תיופתא דרבא תיופתא, דעולא תיופתא. That's for sure. Cuz Rava said before that the earth that the רקיע is 1,000 פרסה. Which is a sixth of the day, and here it's saying it's and not. It's a kashya on the first מאן דאמר who said that between the sheki'ah and and tzeit or between עלית השחר and נץ is five, here it says it's four. So, it's definitely not like they said. The question that we have now, לימא תהוי תיופתא דרבי יוחנן. Is it against Rabbi Yochanan also? Why is it a tiyuvta? Who's who's Rabbi Yehuda in the braisa. It's a Tanna. The Tanna is saying it. I meant, whose whose opinion is, was the earlier one, whose? Rava. No. Earlier was earlier and Rava and Rav Chanina. Now a beraita. Ulla. Yeah, yeah, it's a beraita. Rabbi Yehuda, Rabbi Yehuda tanna. Ulla. Oh, okay. Before it was like this: אמר רב חנינא, so Rav Chanina said. Then Rava said, and Rava said it based on Rav Chanina, on Rabba bar bar Chana in the name of Rabbi Yochanan. So we know that Rava is definitely wrong, doesn't fit to this beraita. Rav Chanina doesn't fit either. The question is, does Rabbi Yochanan fit? לימא תהוי תיופתא דרבי יוחנן, does Rabbi Yochanan fit? Cuz Rabbi Yochanan seems also Cuz what did Rabbi Yochanan say? Rabbi Yochanan made lichora the same cheshbon. He said a person walks 10 a day, there's five from שקיעה to צאת, there's five from נץ, and he made the cheshbon of a 1/6, one out of six. So lichora this beraita is a kashya on Rabbi Yochanan, is it? Cuz the Gemara is asking because there is a teirutz to it, that's what the Gemara thinks. אמר לך, said no, Rabbi Yochanan will tell you like אמר לך, he'll tell you: אנא ביממא הוא דאמרי. I didn't say anything, all he said Rabbi Yochanan must have said only the first thing: a person walks 10 parsaot a day. Deduct the two times of the morning and the evening, and whatever you're left, that's the proportion of that amount of time that it goes from שקיעה to צאת לגבי the thickness of the רקיע. But he didn't give the number. A צווייטע תירוץ is that Rabba bar bar Chana he טייטשט תירוץ. A צווייטע תירוץ is: I only said the way the day is. ורבנן הוא דקא טעו, the רבנן, the other חכמים who repeated what I said and they made the חשבונות, they made the mistake. דקא חשיבי קדומי ואשכוכי, they're the ones that mentioned how much it's in the morning, how much into the evening. Ulla or Rava? Huh? Rava. Rava, yeah. And the Gemara: לימא תהוי תיופתא דרב חנינא, is a kashya on Rav Chanina also. See, Rav Chanina didn't do anything. All Rav Chanina said: I have a ראיה that it's five, because I saw the place from Sedom to Tzoar, and it's five mil. So l'chorah, noch a kashya. Rav Chanina is saying that, but here it's saying it's four mil. Rabbi Yehuda in the braisa said it's four mil, and he says it's five mil. So the Gemara says: לא, מינצי שאני. It says by the malachim: rushed them. Oh, if you rush, then you could go in in a שטח of five mil, which normally takes you four mil. So really that amount is four mil. If you run, like he said before, if you run, you go faster, so you could say you're faster. But, fine then. תא שמע. Isn't that a very small amount for them to go for a whole day's work, a whole day's walking? 10 פרסה? 10 פרסה figure around 40 miles. Yeah. A person who is not so young. Not so old, if he's very old he can't walk that much either, but middle-aged. 40 mil Who said? 40 mil. That's 40 miles. 40 mile, a mil is is a 3/4 of a of a mile. But take off 40 times There's a woman who who who walked the whole Appalachian Trail. A what? The Appalachian Trail, from Georgia to Maine. It made the news. In 46 days she averaged 47 miles a day. Averaged, dude. Her average. Her average, but she's a special thing, she made the news, it was interesting that she walked all day. So it's not a klal. That's why it made the news. Is talking the Gemara here about how much they could physically walk? Is it saying how much they could physically walk, or how much a person walks in those days? How much a person, yeah, yeah. But he could walk much more. Right, run. They didn't have cars. They walked all day. Between A normal person, yeah, to be able to walk normal and then do the rest of the time, you know. All those other things that they are doing. They're not walking all day long. They have errands to do, they're walking to work. I know what it means. It doesn't mean he is all day all day walking. Whatever. So the Gemara: תא שמע, האב נאך א קשיא. It says: מצרים ת' פרסה על ת' פרסה. מצרים is 400 פרסה by 400 פרסה. מצרים אחד משישים בכוש, מצרים is a 60th of כוש. כוש is אחד משישים בעולם, is 1/60th of the world. עולם אחד משישים בגן, the world is 1/60th of גן. גן is אחד משישים בעדן, 1/60th of עדן. And עדן is אחד משישים בגיהנם. Some, you can imagine how big Gehinam is, okay. נמצא כל העולם כולו ככיסוי קדירה לגיהנם, so it

comes out that the whole world is only like a cover of a pot to Gehinam, it means Gehinam is so much, like a cover is a very thin thing on top, and the pot is much bigger. The whole world is nothing לגבי דגיהנם. Okay, but in the meantime, what do we see here? That the whole world, if 400 פרסה times 40 is a sixtieth of Kush, and Kush is a sixtieth of the world, so how big is the world? Much more than 60, than 6,000 פרסה. So it stays a kashya on this מאן דאמר who said that. Could there be any allegorical meanings? I'm sure there is. I'm sure. I'm sure. Yeah. In fact, what does it mean, the thickness of the רקיע? What's that? And what does it talk about, the thickness of the רקיע? Try looking in English or something. I'm working on it. It's talking about Mitzrayim being 400 פרסה על 400 פרסה. Yeah, the whole world is 400 פרסה על 400 פרסה. The Gemara, but the Gemara concludes